A New-Chapter: Gibraltar’s Future Relationship with the European Union
Historical Political Agreement Reached in Brussels
On 11 June 2025, a high-level meeting took place in Brussels between the European Union (represented by Commissioner Maros Sefcovic), Spain (represented by Minister for Foreign Affairs Jose Manuel Albares), the United Kingdom (represented by UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy) and Gibraltar (represented by Chief Minister of Gibraltar, Fabian Picardo).
The meeting marked the culmination of extended negotiations that had intensified throughout 2024, concluding with a political agreement on the core elements of a forthcoming treaty, laying the groundwork for Gibraltar’s new relationship with the EU post-Brexit.
Key Provisions of the Agreement
A central pillar of the agreement is the removal of all physical barriers, checks, and controls on the movement of persons and goods at the Gibraltar-Spain border. This measure is intended to facilitate seamless cross-border transit for residents, workers, and commercial operators, marking a significant shift in the post-Brexit landscape.
To preserve the integrity of the Schengen area while maintaining Gibraltar’s jurisdictional autonomy, the agreement introduces a dual-border control system at Gibraltar’s airport and port. Under this model, Spanish authorities will carry out Schengen-compliant checks on individuals entering the EU, whereas Gibraltar will retain full control over its own immigration and law enforcement functions, including the authority to refuse entry in accordance with its domestic laws.
In the area of trade, the agreement establishes a bespoke framework akin to a customs union between Gibraltar and the EU. This framework sets out key principles governing the movement of goods and customs cooperation, aiming to eliminate border friction and enhance compliance. The arrangement ensures effective collaboration between Gibraltar’s and the EU’s customs authorities, thereby streamlining cross-border commercial activity.
Further, the agreement makes provision for the enhancement of air connectivity between Gibraltar and EU Member States. This will facilitate more direct air travel to and from the European continent, strengthening Gibraltar’s accessibility for both tourism and business.
Broader Cooperation Framework
Beyond these headline provisions, the agreement also lays the foundation for sustained cooperation in a range of legal and regulatory areas. These include taxation, where commitments to transparency and alignment are expected; environmental protection, with an emphasis on shared goals for sustainability; and labour rights, aimed at protecting cross-border workers and ensuring fair conditions. Additionally, the agreement outlines cooperation in law enforcement and anti-money laundering efforts, contributing to mutual security and financial integrity.
Next Steps and Legal Outlook
The drafting of the final treaty text is currently underway, with formal ratification expected by early Autumn 2025. Once enacted, the treaty will provide legal certainty and a stable framework for Gibraltar’s future interactions with the EU. It is anticipated that this agreement will reinforce Gibraltar’s role as a strategic economic and legal bridge between the United Kingdom and the European Union, unlocking opportunities